Surgical management of persistent post-traumatic trans-tentorial brain hernia

IntroductionTemporal engagement may persist after etiologic surgical treatment of acute subdural hematoma (ASH) without clinical improvement despite normalized intracranial pressure (ICP). The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of secondary direct temporal lobe disengagement (DTLD) after surgery for supratentorial ASH and to evaluate clinical outcome.Materials and methodsThis was a retrospective analysis of 4 patients undergoing secondary DTLD. Patient data were recorded at admission, pre- and postoperatively and at 6 months’ follow-up (FU): age, gender, Rotterdam score, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), neurological deficits, oculomotor nerve palsy (ONP), ICP, midline shift, complications and Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS-E).ResultsAt postoperative evaluation 48 h after DTLD, we observed a significant improvement in GCS score (initial 6 ± 3, preoperative 7 ± 3, postoperative 14 ± 1; P = 0.02), midline shift (initial 16 ± 3 mm, preoperative 13 ± 5 mm, postoperative 9 ± 2 mm; P = 0.049) and ONP (P = 0.01). In all cases, early postoperative imaging documented visualization of a patent ipsilateral peri-mesencephalic cistern. At 6-month FU, GOS-E showed 75% good recovery and 25% disability. Complete ONP recovery was observed in 75% of patients (P = 0.01). Neurological deficits were present at FU in 25% of patients. No surgery-related complications or mortality were recorded.ConclusionsIn traumatic brain injury, secondary DTLD may allow simple, effective and safe management of trans-tentorial uncal herniation, avoiding more challenging procedures. Clinical results are promising, as this technique seems to favorably influence neurological outcome in this selected subgroup of patients with persistent clinical and radiological signs of temporal engagement after etiological treatment with normal ICP values.     

创伤性视神经损伤预后影响因素分析及视神经管骨折手术策略选择

目的探讨视神经管减压术治疗创伤性视神经损伤（TON）的疗效,评估相关预后影响因素,并分析视神经管不同部位骨折手术策略选择。 方法回顾性分析空军军医大学第二附属医院神经外科自2011年1月至2020年6月收治的58例TON后行视神经减压术患者的临床资料,采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析评价预后的潜在影响因素。根据视神经管骨折位置的不同,选择开颅视神经减压术和经鼻内镜减压术评估不同术式对不同骨折位置患者的术后视力改善情况的影响。 结果58例TON患者均行视神经减压术,33例患者术后视力得到改善（改善组）,其中9例行开颅视神经管减压术,24例行经鼻内镜减压术;25例患者术后视力未得到改善（未改善组）,其中8例行开颅视神经管减压术,17例行经鼻内镜减压术。单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析确定术前视力及视神经管是否骨折是术后视力改善的独立影响因素,有光感者有效率明显高于无光感者,无视神经管骨折患者术后改善率明显高于有视神经管骨折患者。35例单发视神经管骨折患者中,视神经管内下壁骨折使用经鼻内镜视神经减压有更好的预后,开颅减压则对于外上壁骨折更有益。 结论视神经管减压术治疗TON总体有较好的效果,尤其是对于术前尚存光感的患者。对于视神经管骨折患者应根据骨折位置选择合理的手术方式进行视神经减压。     

Biofilm Producing Staphylococcus epidermidis (RP62A Strain) Inhibits Osseous Integration Without Osteolysis and Histopathology in a Murine Septic Implant Model

Despite its presence in orthopaedic infections, Staphylococcus epidermidis's ability to directly induce inflammation and bone destruction is unknown. Thus, we compared a clinical strain of methicillin-resistant biofilm-producing S. epidermidis (RP62A) to a highly virulent and osteolytic strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (USA300) in an established murine implant-associated osteomyelitis model. Bacterial burden was assessed by colony forming units (CFUs), tissue damage was assessed by histology and micro-computed tomography, biofilm was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), host gene expression was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and osseous integration was assessed via biomechanical push-out test. While CFUs were recovered from RP62A-contaminated implants and surrounding tissues after 14 days, the bacterial burden was significantly less than USA300-infected tibiae (p < 0.001). In addition, RP62A failed to produce any of the gross pathologies induced by USA300 (osteolysis, reactive bone formation, Staphylococcus abscess communities, marrow necrosis, and biofilm). However, fibrous tissue was present at the implant-host interface, and rigorous SEM confirmed the rare presence of cocci on RP62A-contaminated implants. Gene expression studies revealed that IL-1β, IL-6, RANKL, and TLR-2 mRNA levels in RP62A-infected bone were increased versus Sterile controls. Ex vivo push-out testing showed that RP62A-infected implants required significantly less force compared with the Sterile group (7.5 ± 3.4 vs. 17.3 ± 4.1 N; p < 0.001), but required 10-fold greater force than USA300-infected implants (0.7 ± 0.3 N; p < 0.001). Taken together, these findings demonstrate that S. epidermidis is a commensal pathogen whose mechanisms to inhibit osseous integration are limited to minimal biofilm formation on the implant, and low-grade inflammation. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:852-860, 2020     

目标导向液体治疗联合甲氧明对创伤性脑损伤患者围术期的影响

目的评估目标导向液体治疗(GDFT)联合甲氧明对创伤性脑损伤(TBI)手术患者围术期的影响。方法选择2019年1—12月收治的24 h内入院的TBI手术患者60例,男42例,女18例,年龄18~64岁,BMI<28 kg/m²,ASAⅡ—Ⅳ级。采用随机数字表法分为两组:GDFT联合甲氧明组(GM组)和GDFT组(G组),每组30例。两组均以每搏量变异度(SVV)为目标导向进行补液。GM组于麻醉诱导后持续泵注甲氧明1.5~4.0μg·kg^-1·min^-1至术毕;G组泵注等容量生理盐水。记录晶体输注量、胶体输注量、总输液量、红细胞输注量、血浆输注量、总输血量、尿量和出血量。记录麻醉诱导后(T₀)、切开硬脑膜时(T₁)、切开硬脑膜后1 h(T₂)、术毕(T₃)、术后12 h(T₄)的HR和MAP。记录术中去甲肾上腺素使用例数。T₀—T₄时采集桡动脉及颈内静脉球部血样行血气分析,记录颈内静脉球部血氧饱和度(SjvO₂)和颈内静脉乳酸(jvLac)浓度,计算动静脉血氧含量差(Da-jvO₂)及脑氧摄取率(C_ERO₂)。T₀—T₄时采集颈内静脉球部血样,采用ELISA法检测血清S100β蛋白和神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)浓度。分别于术前、术后1、3、5、7 d评估格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分。出院前采用格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)评估术后早期生存质量。记录住院时间以及术后切口及颅内感染、脑积水、脑梗死、脑脊液漏、心肌梗死、肺炎等并发症的发生情况。结果与G组比较,GM组晶体输注量、胶体输注量、总输液量明显减少;T₁—T₃时MAP明显升高;术中去甲肾上腺素使用率明显降低;T₁—T₄时SjvO₂明显升高,Da-jvO₂、C_ERO₂明显降低;T₃时jvLac浓度明显降低;T₄时S100β蛋白、NSE浓度明显降低;术后3、5、7 d GCS评分明显升高(P<0.05)。两组红细胞输注量、血浆输注量、总输血量、尿量、出血量、不同时点HR、出院前GOS评分、住院时间以及术后并发症发生率差异无统计学意义。结论目标导向液体治疗联合甲氧明用于创伤性脑损伤手术患者,可以优化临床输液方案,稳定血流动力学以及改善脑组织氧供需平衡,从而改善患者预后。     

急诊绿色通道护理对创伤性膈疝患者救治成功率的影响

目的探究急诊绿色通道护理对创伤性膈疝患者就治成功率的影响。 方法回顾性分析2015年11月至2019年5月,南京医科大学第一附属医院收治的40例创伤性膈疝患者。按急诊护理方法的不同分为对照组和观察组,各20例。对照组行常规护理,观察组行急诊绿色通道护理。分析2组急诊相关指标、术后康复指标,2组护理后1个月的复发率、救治成功率及并发症发生率。采用SPSS 20.0统计软件进行数据分析。 结果与对照组比较,观察组急诊科抢救时间、辅助检查时间、从救治到送入手术室时间、术后机械通气时间均缩短,术后24 h动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO₂）水平低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;护理后观察组和对照组的复发率分别为5.00%、25.00%,救治成功率分别为100.00%、90.00%,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;护理后观察组并发症总发生率（10.00%）显著低于对照组（45.00%）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论急诊绿色通道护理缩短了创伤性膈疝患者的抢救时间,使患者尽早脱离危险,减少创伤性膈疝患者并发症发生率,可有效改善患者预后。     

音乐疗法对创伤性脊髓损伤病人抗焦虑、抑郁的疗效观察

目的 探讨音乐疗法对创伤性脊髓损伤（traumatic spinal cord injury, TSCI）病人焦虑、抑郁的干预效果。方法 回顾性分析2018年1月至12月在我科接受治疗的40例TSCI病人的临床资料。将2018年1月至6月采用常规护理管理的20例TSCI病人纳入对照组;2018年7月至12月采用常规护理管理联合音乐疗法的20例TSCI病人纳入观察组。观察并比较两组病人入院第1天和治疗结束后的汉密尔顿焦虑量表（Hamilton anxiety scale, HAMA）评分和汉密尔顿抑郁量表（Hamilton depression scale, HAMD）评分,以及两组病人治疗的依从性。结果 治疗结束后,观察组病人的HAMA和HAMD评分分别为（7.8±1.9）分和（9.4±1.6）分,均高于对照组的（10.4±2.3）分和（11.3±2.5）分,差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）;观察组治疗依从率为95.0%（19/20）,优于对照组的70.0%（14/20）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 音乐疗法能帮助TSCI病人改善其焦虑和抑郁的不良情绪,增强治疗的积极性和战胜疾病的信心,增强TSCI病人治疗的依从性。     

经颅多普勒超声在儿童颅内压增高性疾病中的应用

经颅多普勒超声(transcranial doppler ultrasonography,TCD)是一种非侵入性评价颅内动脉的检测手段,自上世纪80年代问世以来,已被广泛性应用于临床工作的各个领域.由于其操作简便、重复性好,可以对患者进行床旁连续、动态观察,尤其适用于监测危重症患者.颅内压增高是儿童致病致死的再要原因之一,它可使脑血流灌注下降,造成脑功能障碍等严重后果,因此颅内压监测有重要临床意义.TCD作为一种无创性监测工具,可根据其血流速度、相关参数及血流频谱的变化对颅内压增高患者脑血流动力学进行动态监测与评估,从而达到监测颅内压改变的目的.本文着重阐述TCD在几种常见的儿童颅内高压性疾病中的应用进展.